Yellow fever
For a 2-week stay, the risks for illness and death due to yellow fever for an unvaccinated traveler traveling to an endemic area of
West Africa are 50 per 100,000 and 10 per 100,000, respectively
South America are 5 per 100,000 and 1 per 100,000,respectively
Japanese Encephalitis
The risk for JE for most travelers to Asia is extremely low but varies according to season, destination, duration ,and activities.
Fewer than 40 cases of confirmed JE have been reported in travelers in the last 40 years.
The overall incidence of JE reported among people from nonendemic countries traveling to Asia is <1 case per 1 million travelers.
However, expatriates and travelers staying for prolonged periods in rural areas with active JEV transmission are likely at similar risk as the susceptible resident population (0.1-2 cases per 1000,000 persons per week)
Meningococcal Disease
to the meningitis belt during the dry season.
with local populations in the meningitis belt
incidence is very low, 0.4 per 100,000
Rabies
rate of possible rabies exposure in tourists is 16 to 200 per 100,000.
Diphtheria
extremely rare in adequately immunized persons.
HPV
no inherent risks
depends on the behvavior of the traveler.
FLU
depends on the tiem of year and destination
Mealses
20 million measles cases still occur globally every year.
Pneumococcla desease
generally highest among young children ,the elderly, persons of any age who have chronic medical conditions
Cigarette smokers
Malaria
each year malaria causes 350-500 million infections worldwide and approximately 1 miilion deaths.
the highest estimated relative risk for infection for travelers are West Africa and Oceania.
The highest risk is associated with first- and second-generation immigrants living in nonendemic countries who return to their countries of origin to VFRs. VFR travelers often consider themselves to be at no risk because they grew up in a malariouis country and consider themselves immune. However, acquired immunity is lost very quickly.
Travelers should also be reminded that even if one has had malaria before, one can get it again and preventive measures are still necessary.
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