have a try
Saturday, July 23, 2011
Monday, November 8, 2010
Malaria in China
Sunday, July 19, 2009
Malaria in China
China has seen a resurgence of Malaria in recent years. "China reported about 24 million malaria cases in the 1970s, the number of cases declined to several hundred thousand by the late 1990s. However, the disease recently has "re-emerged" in China's central and southern provinces, possibly as a result of insufficient prevention work" (Global).
China suffers from Falciparum malaria which "is the most deadly among the four main types of human malaria. Although great success has been achieved since the launch of the National Malaria Control Programme in 1955, malaria remains a serious public health problem in China" (Lin). "Falciparum malaria was endemic in two provinces of China during 2004–05" (Lin). "The 'level one' areas have an annual malaria incidence of more than one case per 10,000 people, while the 'level two' regions have an annual incidence of less than one per 10,000 people" (Global).
Map provided by Travax
"Imported malaria was reported in 26 non-endemic provinces. Annual incidence of falciparum malaria was mapped at county level in the two endemic provinces of China: Yunnan and Hainan. The sex ratio (male vs. female) for the number of cases in Yunnan was 1.6 in the children of 0–15 years and it reached 5.7 in the adults over 15 years of age" (Lin).
The recent resurgence of malaria in China has prompted "China's Ministry of Health" to draft a "plan to eliminate malaria from the country by 2015" (Xinhuanet). "Central and local governments will provide funding for the malaria control programs, an unnamed official from the health ministry's disease control department said." "The plan aims to reduce malaria incidence to less than one case per 10,000 people in high-burden regions and to no cases in low-burden regions between 2010 and 2015" (Global).
Sources:
Global Health Reporting. "Malaria
China Develops Nationwide Malaria Eradication Plan". 10 April 2009.
Lin, Hualiang. Liang Lu, Linwei Tian, Shuisen Zhou, Haixia Wu, Yan Bi, Suzanne C Ho, Qiyong Liu. Spatial and temporal distribution of falciparum malaria in China.
Xinhuanet. "China lays out plans to quell malaria" http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-04/10/content_11163891.htm 10 April 2009.
Posted by Ana Revenant at 8:48 PM
Labels: china, disease, endemic, global, Health, infection, malaria, parasite
http://infectiousbitemalaria.blogspot.com/2009/07/malaria-in-china.html
The major goal of the 2010-2015 plan is to reduce the incidence of malaria to below one confirmed case for every 10,000 people in the most seriously affected regions, and to zero in less affected areas.
The plan requires local health departments and medical institutions to use diagnostic technology, standardized treatment and health education to help prevent the disease more effectively.
Central and local governments would be responsible for funding malaria control programs, said an official with the ministry's disease control department, who declined to be named. He said the amount of investment would be decided only after the plan was finalized.
The number of Chinese infected with malaria dropped from 24 million in the early 1970s to several hundred thousand in the late1990s. China was basically free of malaria, except southwestern Yunnan Province and southernmost Hainan Province, at that time, according to the ministry.
However, the disease has re-emerged in central and southern provinces like Henan, Anhui and Hubei as well as Yunnan and Hainan since 2000 due to weakened prevention work.
A total of 26,358 cases and 22 deaths were reported nationwide last year.
The ministry classified malaria areas into two types. In level one -- the most seriously affected -- regions, cases had been reported between 2006 and 2008, and the annual prevalence rate was more than one per 10,000 people.
In level two regions, cases were also reported, but the prevalence was below one in every 10,000 people.
The ministry wants all level one regions and 20 percent of level two regions to control the prevalence below one per 10,000 by 2015, and 80 percent of level two regions become free from malaria.
The ministry proposed stepping up malaria awareness and prevention efforts in affected areas, including spraying insecticide indoors and using mosquito nets impregnated with delta-methrin, an insecticide, as recommended by the World Health Organization for malaria control.
By 2015, the use of the specially treated bed nets should be introduced in 95 percent of level one regions, according to the plan, which was published on the ministry's website Wednesday for public comment.
Source: http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90776/90785/6634732.html
Progress in malaria control in China
TANG Linhua 汤林华
http://www.cmj.org/periodical/PaperList.asp?id=LW8288
The incidence of mixed infections is nearly always underestimated. in simultaneous infection with P. flaciparum and P. vivax, the former suppresses the latter, and the primary vivax malaria infection may not appear until several weeks later.
Malaria in China
China has seen a resurgence of Malaria in recent years. "China reported about 24 million malaria cases in the 1970s, the number of cases declined to several hundred thousand by the late 1990s. However, the disease recently has "re-emerged" in China's central and southern provinces, possibly as a result of insufficient prevention work" (Global).
China suffers from Falciparum malaria which "is the most deadly among the four main types of human malaria. Although great success has been achieved since the launch of the National Malaria Control Programme in 1955, malaria remains a serious public health problem in China" (Lin). "Falciparum malaria was endemic in two provinces of China during 2004–05" (Lin). "The 'level one' areas have an annual malaria incidence of more than one case per 10,000 people, while the 'level two' regions have an annual incidence of less than one per 10,000 people" (Global).
Map provided by Travax
"Imported malaria was reported in 26 non-endemic provinces. Annual incidence of falciparum malaria was mapped at county level in the two endemic provinces of China: Yunnan and Hainan. The sex ratio (male vs. female) for the number of cases in Yunnan was 1.6 in the children of 0–15 years and it reached 5.7 in the adults over 15 years of age" (Lin).
The recent resurgence of malaria in China has prompted "China's Ministry of Health" to draft a "plan to eliminate malaria from the country by 2015" (Xinhuanet). "Central and local governments will provide funding for the malaria control programs, an unnamed official from the health ministry's disease control department said." "The plan aims to reduce malaria incidence to less than one case per 10,000 people in high-burden regions and to no cases in low-burden regions between 2010 and 2015" (Global).
Sources:
Global Health Reporting. "Malaria
China Develops Nationwide Malaria Eradication Plan". 10 April 2009.
Lin, Hualiang. Liang Lu, Linwei Tian, Shuisen Zhou, Haixia Wu, Yan Bi, Suzanne C Ho, Qiyong Liu. Spatial and temporal distribution of falciparum malaria in China.
Xinhuanet. "China lays out plans to quell malaria" http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-04/10/content_11163891.htm 10 April 2009.
Posted by Ana Revenant at 8:48 PM
Labels: china, disease, endemic, global, Health, infection, malaria, parasite
http://infectiousbitemalaria.blogspot.com/2009/07/malaria-in-china.html
China lays out plans to quell malaria
China's Ministry of Health announced Friday it has mapped out a draft plan to largely eradicate malaria by the end of 2015. The major goal of the 2010-2015 plan is to reduce the incidence of malaria to below one confirmed case for every 10,000 people in the most seriously affected regions, and to zero in less affected areas.
The plan requires local health departments and medical institutions to use diagnostic technology, standardized treatment and health education to help prevent the disease more effectively.
Central and local governments would be responsible for funding malaria control programs, said an official with the ministry's disease control department, who declined to be named. He said the amount of investment would be decided only after the plan was finalized.
The number of Chinese infected with malaria dropped from 24 million in the early 1970s to several hundred thousand in the late1990s. China was basically free of malaria, except southwestern Yunnan Province and southernmost Hainan Province, at that time, according to the ministry.
However, the disease has re-emerged in central and southern provinces like Henan, Anhui and Hubei as well as Yunnan and Hainan since 2000 due to weakened prevention work.
A total of 26,358 cases and 22 deaths were reported nationwide last year.
The ministry classified malaria areas into two types. In level one -- the most seriously affected -- regions, cases had been reported between 2006 and 2008, and the annual prevalence rate was more than one per 10,000 people.
In level two regions, cases were also reported, but the prevalence was below one in every 10,000 people.
The ministry wants all level one regions and 20 percent of level two regions to control the prevalence below one per 10,000 by 2015, and 80 percent of level two regions become free from malaria.
The ministry proposed stepping up malaria awareness and prevention efforts in affected areas, including spraying insecticide indoors and using mosquito nets impregnated with delta-methrin, an insecticide, as recommended by the World Health Organization for malaria control.
By 2015, the use of the specially treated bed nets should be introduced in 95 percent of level one regions, according to the plan, which was published on the ministry's website Wednesday for public comment.
Source: http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90776/90785/6634732.html
Progress in malaria control in China
TANG Linhua 汤林华
http://www.cmj.org/periodical/PaperList.asp?id=LW8288
The incidence of mixed infections is nearly always underestimated. in simultaneous infection with P. flaciparum and P. vivax, the former suppresses the latter, and the primary vivax malaria infection may not appear until several weeks later.
TseTse fly
Trypanosomiasis, Human African (HAT, African Sleeping Sickness)
Infection occurs through vector-borne transmission by the bite of an infected tsetse fly (Glossina spp.). Transmission via bloodborne or congenital routes can occur but is rarely reported.
- HAT is transmitted only in rural sub-Saharan Africa. The two human-infective subspecies of T. brucei do not overlap in geographic distribution.
- T. b. rhodesiense is found in eastern and southeastern Africa. Over 95% of the cases of T. b. rhodesiense infection occur in Tanzania, Uganda, Malawi, and Zambia.
cases: old man traveling to Amazon
fit, healthy 85 year old man traveling to Amazon jungle for 2 weeks- bird watching.
leaving in 4 weeks.
No medications on a regular basis.
vaccine history:
YF vaccine 30 years ago.(also valid, and avoid any possible side effection)
The YF vaccination certificate for international travel is valid for 10 years. This interval was based on published studies indicating that neutralizing antibodies were present in >90% of persons 16--19 years after vaccination (1). Later studies of U.S. military veterans from World War II tested 30--35 years after a single dose of YF vaccine demonstrated that >80% had neutralizing antibody; in certain subgroups, >95% still had neutralizing antibodies (2).
No other vaccines for 15 years.
Past medical history unremarkable.
Vaccines?
1. flu
2.HepA
3. Td(Tdap, if the old man care for children.)
4 typhoid
5. pnemounia vaccine (MPSV)(for old people and hajj.)
antimalarials?
mefloquine
Diarrhea?
cipro.
other recommendations?
rabies
insect repellent
dengue
leaving in 4 weeks.
No medications on a regular basis.
vaccine history:
YF vaccine 30 years ago.(also valid, and avoid any possible side effection)
The YF vaccination certificate for international travel is valid for 10 years. This interval was based on published studies indicating that neutralizing antibodies were present in >90% of persons 16--19 years after vaccination (1). Later studies of U.S. military veterans from World War II tested 30--35 years after a single dose of YF vaccine demonstrated that >80% had neutralizing antibody; in certain subgroups, >95% still had neutralizing antibodies (2).
- Rosenzweig EC, Babione RW, Wisseman CL, Jr. Immunological studies with group B arthropod-borne viruses. IV. Persistence of yellow fever antibodies following vaccination with 17D strain yellow fever vaccine. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1963;12:230--5.
- Poland JD, Calisher CH, Monath TP, Downs WG, Murphy K. Persistence of neutralizing antibody 30--35 years after immunization with 17D yellow fever vaccine. Bull World Health Organ 1981;59:895--900.
No other vaccines for 15 years.
Past medical history unremarkable.
Vaccines?
1. flu
2.HepA
3. Td(Tdap, if the old man care for children.)
4 typhoid
5. pnemounia vaccine (MPSV)(for old people and hajj.)
antimalarials?
mefloquine
Diarrhea?
cipro.
other recommendations?
rabies
insect repellent
dengue
Friday, November 5, 2010
case: Nigeria and Ghana
24 yr old lady traveling to Nigeria and Ghana 3 weeks and leaving in mid December
vaccine history:
hepA, HepB, MCV, Tdap, VAR
advice
Vaccines:
routine: MMR(2 doses), Polio (2 doses accelerated) 4weeks intervel
Recommendation: Flu, Typhoid
Requirement: Yellow fever
Malaria : Malarone 30 tablets
Diarrhea: Cipro
Others:
1, pregnant status
2.food and water caution
3.insect repellent
4. rabies
5. Afrincan Sleeping Sickness (Nigeria)tsetse fly
6. Dengue Fever(Nigeria)
vaccine history:
hepA, HepB, MCV, Tdap, VAR
advice
Vaccines:
routine: MMR(2 doses), Polio (2 doses accelerated) 4weeks intervel
Recommendation: Flu, Typhoid
Requirement: Yellow fever
Malaria : Malarone 30 tablets
Diarrhea: Cipro
Others:
1, pregnant status
2.food and water caution
3.insect repellent
4. rabies
5. Afrincan Sleeping Sickness (Nigeria)tsetse fly
6. Dengue Fever(Nigeria)
Wednesday, November 3, 2010
cases: malaria in siem riep/angkor wat Camodia
fitfortravel website:
Malaria risk is present throughout the country. Risk is minimal in the capital city Phnom Penh, Siem Reap, the famous temple of Angkor Wat, the nearby Mekong river delta and in the rice growing areas around the large inland lake of Tonle Sap.(http://www.fitfortravel.nhs.uk/destinations/asia-%28east%29/cambodia.aspx#MalariaContentHeading)
yellow book
Atovaquone/proguanil or doxycycline should be taken to prevent malaria. Chloroquine and mefloquine are not recommended because P. falciparum may be resistant to these drugs in this area. Purchase malaria prophylaxis drugs in the United States before travel, because counterfeit malaria drugs have been found in Southeast Asia.
Avoid mosquito bites by using a recommended repellent, sleeping under a mosquito net if not in an air conditioned room, and wearing protective clothing. Mosquito bites can transmit not only malaria but other diseases such as dengue and Japanese encephalitis.(http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2010/chapter-3/angkor-wat-cambodia.aspx)
WHO
Malaria risk is present throughout the country. Risk is minimal in the capital city Phnom Penh, Siem Reap, the famous temple of Angkor Wat, the nearby Mekong river delta and in the rice growing areas around the large inland lake of Tonle Sap.(http://www.fitfortravel.nhs.uk/destinations/asia-%28east%29/cambodia.aspx#MalariaContentHeading)
Malaria
Angkor is often visited at sunrise and sunset when mosquitoes are likely to bite, putting travelers at risk for mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria and dengue. Malaria chemoprophylaxis and mosquito avoidance are both recommended.Atovaquone/proguanil or doxycycline should be taken to prevent malaria. Chloroquine and mefloquine are not recommended because P. falciparum may be resistant to these drugs in this area. Purchase malaria prophylaxis drugs in the United States before travel, because counterfeit malaria drugs have been found in Southeast Asia.
Avoid mosquito bites by using a recommended repellent, sleeping under a mosquito net if not in an air conditioned room, and wearing protective clothing. Mosquito bites can transmit not only malaria but other diseases such as dengue and Japanese encephalitis.(http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2010/chapter-3/angkor-wat-cambodia.aspx)
WHO
| Malaria | |||
| Malaria risk | Malaria: Malaria risk due predominantly to P. falciparum exists throughout the year in the whole country except in Phnom Penh and close to Tonle Sap. Risk within the tourist area of Angkor Wat is negligible. P. falciparum resistant to chloroquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine reported. Resistance to mefloquine and tolerance to artesunate reported in south-western provinces. | ||
| Malaria prevention | Recommended prevention: Mosquito bite prevention plus mefloquine, doxycycline or atovaquone+proguanil chemopro-phylaxis (select according to reported resistance pattern) | ||
| http://apps.who.int/tools/geoserver/www/ith/index.html |
Friday, October 29, 2010
interesting tools for vaccine recommended
for Adult
http://www2a.cdc.gov/nip/adultImmSched/
Instant Childhood Immunization Schedule
for children six years and younger
http://www2a.cdc.gov/nip/kidstuff/newscheduler_le/
http://www2a.cdc.gov/nip/adultImmSched/
Instant Childhood Immunization Schedule
for children six years and younger
http://www2a.cdc.gov/nip/kidstuff/newscheduler_le/
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